{"id":133,"date":"2019-08-27T09:24:51","date_gmt":"2019-08-27T06:24:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/?p=133"},"modified":"2022-01-29T13:45:20","modified_gmt":"2022-01-29T10:45:20","slug":"manipulacija-datu-vizualizacija","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/2019\/08\/27\/manipulacija-datu-vizualizacija\/","title":{"rendered":"Manipul\u0101cija datu vizualiz\u0101cij\u0101"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Ir meli, liel\u0101ki meli un statistika, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lies,_damned_lies,_and_statistics\">m\u0113dz teikt<\/a>. To, k\u0101di ir izplat\u012bt\u0101kie manipul\u0101cijas pa\u0146\u0113mieni datu vizualiz\u0101cij\u0101 apskat\u012bsim \u0161aj\u0101 bloga rakst\u0101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Manipul\u0101cija ar as\u012bm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Viens no izplat\u012bt\u0101kajiem manipul\u0101cijas pa\u0146\u0113mieniem ir datu atspogu\u013co\u0161ana, kas nes\u0101kas no y ass nult\u0101s atz\u012bmes. Par to pirms p\u0101ris gadiem <a href=\"http:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/2017\/02\/08\/datu-apgraizisanai-ne\/\">rakst\u012bj\u0101m<\/a>, apskatot gad\u012bjumu kad R\u012bgas Dom\u0113 valdo\u0161\u0101 partija \u201cSaska\u0146a\u201d izplat\u012bja maldino\u0161u grafiku par apkures tarifiem liel\u0101kaj\u0101s Latvijas pils\u0113t\u0101s. T\u0101 rad\u012bja iespaidu, ka R\u012bgas tarifi ir \u010detras reizes maz\u0101ki, lai gan paties\u012bb\u0101, vien aptuveni 0,3 reizes maz\u0101ki nek\u0101 C\u0113s\u012bs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/g2kNHcuVBT9mvjyWEZGTiDZvTlE9RJ5YKuL7W82B4NxK5RRgIBnJhNC1SzXUqJcxlRJSflQ58b27xDGEQv6SlKLanLkAmPMsxqcjGOVJGKMe6VUWL7pTsVeAfbwBrXiKTMYqqw5T\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/2017\/02\/08\/datu-apgraizisanai-ne\/\">Avots<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Y ass apgriez\u0161ana rada iespaidu, ka at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba starp sal\u012bdzin\u0101miem lielumiem ir liel\u0101kas nek\u0101 paties\u012bb\u0101. Tas it \u012bpa\u0161i rakstur\u012bgs stabi\u0146veida diagramm\u0101m. L\u012bnijveida grafikiem Y ass v\u0113rt\u012bbu nes\u0101k\u0161ana no nulles ir <a href=\"https:\/\/www.data-to-viz.com\/caveat\/cut_y_axis.html\">pie\u013caujama<\/a> gad\u012bjumos, kad svar\u012bgi saskat\u012bt k\u0101da r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ja minim\u0101l\u0101s izmai\u0146as laik\u0101. Tiek pan\u0101kts \u201cpalielin\u0101m\u0101 stikla efekts\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Manipul\u0101cija ar m\u0113rogu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sal\u012bdzinot divas atsevi\u0161\u0137as stabi\u0146veida diagrammas, ir svar\u012bgi, lai ab\u0101m b\u016btu viens m\u0113rogs. Pret\u0113j\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 rodas maldino\u0161s iespaids par patiesaj\u0101m v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m, ko grafiks atspogu\u013co. Zem\u0101k ir piem\u0113rs no <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tvnet.lv\/6540596\/dzivnieku-patversme-mezavairogi-miti-un-patiesiba\">TVNet raksta<\/a> par dz\u012bvnieku patversmi \u201cMe\u017eavairogi\u201d, kur sal\u012bdzin\u0101ti uz\u0146emtie un miru\u0161ie dz\u012bvnieki.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/_t2f6oA_sYawBRz2DJ2-GbetrefGkNatQE__OysAGljfHnBbsBD2OHM99isOTRLwo8lYtYEAzQX0mJSUQ5T6Aevp6BZUEnwlBYf3IwiWlTAFkHtaCczxALTpRAEfUaCLMS7AbOdO\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tvnet.lv\/6540596\/dzivnieku-patversme-mezavairogi-miti-un-patiesiba\">Avots<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rodas iespaids, ka uz\u0146emts ir maz\u0101k dz\u012bvnieku nek\u0101 nomiris. Tas t\u0101p\u0113c, ka katrai stabi\u0146veida diagrammai ir izmantots autom\u0101tisks m\u0113rogs, k\u0101 atskaites punktu izmantojot katras datu kopas maksim\u0101lo v\u0113rt\u012bbu. Tas ar\u012b izskaidro, k\u0101p\u0113c stabi\u0146i ab\u0101s diagrammas izskat\u0101s l\u012bdz\u012bgi, lai gan to v\u0113rt\u012bbas ir stipri at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgas. Zem\u0101k par\u0101d\u012btas abas diagrammas, bet nu jau ar vien\u0101du m\u0113rogu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/30S_QvMEEh68s2cqLwARBkpnV0HKF0NlaR_AqvRU88n-BeYZsCYDfYA8ZvvxxG175r5LHYzGBR7xLvlPkqo8BbwQfnVv__6bkLVQ_6HEAHqJoDiBzANsQtg3Ie-umkJ-K8iE0yxq\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Avots: Datu skola<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Manipul\u0101cija ar korel\u0101cij\u0101m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Argument\u0113jot par vai pret k\u0101du l\u0113mumu, bie\u017ei tiek izmantotas korel\u0101cijas jeb likumsakar\u012bbas starp diviem vai vair\u0101kim main\u012bgiem lielumiem. Piem\u0113ram, stingra likumsakar\u012bba (ar retiem iz\u0146\u0113mumiem) ir starp b\u0113rna vecumu un augumu. Jo vec\u0101ks b\u0113rns, jo gar\u0101ks vi\u0146\u0161 vai vi\u0146a b\u016bs. Tikpat sp\u0113c\u012bgas un viennoz\u012bm\u012bgas likumsakar\u012bbas m\u0113s sastopam ar\u012b fizik\u0101, bet daudz ret\u0101k soci\u0101laj\u0101s noris\u0113s un ekonomik\u0101.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bie\u017ei likumsakar\u012bbas tiek par\u0101d\u012btas kombin\u0113tos grafikos. Zem\u0101k ir piem\u0113rs no Valsts ie\u0146\u0113mumu dienesta m\u0101jaslap\u0101 pieejamas 2018. gada <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vid.gov.lv\/sites\/default\/files\/akc_kons_pad_28022018_compatibility_mode.pdf\">prezent\u0101cijas<\/a> par akc\u012bzes nodok\u013ca izmai\u0146\u0101m. Konkr\u0113tais grafiks sal\u012bdzina pat\u0113ri\u0146am nodoto alu litros un t\u0101 cenu par 100 litriem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/FuYLbAEGdgn0RFuhLmOEv9WTa-C30CPaEUDRj0E2D0qpPLru081XO1Y0xYUiFP1zLIqXBigHpsv5ptWG1atFbj7ZIjpcDyMD49hvY6ndF5nkdvEMICY9OPjq_ASA2ccJnOARUlSS\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vid.gov.lv\/sites\/default\/files\/akc_kons_pad_28022018_compatibility_mode.pdf\">Avots (11. slaids)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0101 redzams, alus daudzums ir sv\u0101rst\u012bjies (ne tik dramatiski, protams, Y ass ir nogriezta), bet cena p\u0113d\u0113l\u0101 laik\u0101 ir man\u0101mi uzk\u0101pusi. K\u0101du atbildi \u0161is grafiks sniedz? Nek\u0101du. Starp alus daudzumu un cenu nav man\u0101ma nek\u0101da likumsakar\u012bba. T\u0101 daudzums ir atkar\u012bgs no, piem\u0113ram, izejvielu ra\u017eas, bet cena aug visdr\u012bz\u0101k akc\u012bzes nodok\u013ca un visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s infl\u0101cijas d\u0113\u013c. P\u0113c b\u016bt\u012bbas grafiks ir informat\u012bvi bezj\u0113dz\u012bgs, lai gan rada il\u016bziju, ka jebkas, ko saka prezent\u0113t\u0101js ir pamatots datos.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Iedvesmai pied\u0101v\u0101jam noskat\u012bties <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/mNynxCogI3M?t=1282\">fragmentu<\/a> no J\u0101\u0146a O\u0161leja runas vien\u0101 no konfrerences \u201cEiro 5 gadi Latvij\u0101\u201d pane\u013cdiskusij\u0101m. Taj\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 r\u0101da izprint\u0113tus grafikus, kurus kl\u0101teso\u0161ie un video skat\u012bt\u0101ji nesp\u0113j skaidri saredz\u0113t. Izklaus\u0101s p\u0101rliecino\u0161i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Manipul\u0101cija ar absol\u016bt\u0101m un \u201cnormaliz\u0113t\u0101m\u201d v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Radio \u201cBr\u012bv\u0101 Eiropa\u201d sav\u0101 Facebook lap\u0101 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/rferl\/photos\/a.222339739574\/10157846745674575\/?type=3&amp;theater\">nopublic\u0113ja<\/a> grafiku, kas sal\u012bdzina n\u0101v\u0113jo\u0161u ce\u013ca satiksmes negad\u012bjumu skaitu Eirop\u0101 un Krievij\u0101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/pXSMaUwoxs2Oklpr2GXN_x82gwMIJNwmypJ8fxEQoA04WiPbMl8snHFn0l7ab3RVNWunWZ-bramtDR-PFDuqJwLLz9UEqNmNnExfBnr8qgUdLyhhtI65D7UFTJedUT9R6HfAlTgG\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/rferl\/photos\/a.222339739574\/10157846745674575\/?type=3&amp;theater\">Avots<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taj\u0101 Krievijas \u201cmeln\u0101 skatistika\u201d izskat\u0101s vizmaz piecas reizes slikt\u0101k nek\u0101 Francij\u0101, It\u0101lij\u0101 un V\u0101cij\u0101. Latvija \u0161aj\u0101 grafik\u0101 ir vien 25. viet\u0101 no 32 valst\u012bm. Liekas, ka varam b\u016bt lepni, bet, paga, Krievij\u0101 ta\u010du dz\u012bvo daudz vair\u0101k cilv\u0113ku nek\u0101 Francij\u0101. K\u0101 izskat\u0101s grafiks, ja dati ir \u201cnormaliz\u0113ti\u201d pret iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju skaitu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u0101kamaj\u0101 dien\u0101 Radio \u201cBr\u012bv\u0101 Eiropa\u201d sav\u0101 Facebook lap\u0101 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/rferl\/photos\/p.10157848690489575\/10157848690489575\/?type=1&amp;theater\">nopublic\u0113ja<\/a> daudz objekt\u012bv\u0101ku grafiku, kur\u0101 par\u0101d\u012bts fat\u0101lo negad\u012bjumu skaits uz 100 t\u016bksto\u0161iem iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/dubJY_4KYUtgqVOhaETmvro44o8-A7Jf3qTh_PEOGcksS4_6qXMMIXD3oGoTphw67U9P3WsCORMatN-P3Fs1FHGdFEK3JR4aIMt4umntFpvGmMU8wIqrWl_XE7oNrxgrIFhaR37a\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/rferl\/photos\/p.10157848690489575\/10157848690489575\/?type=1&amp;theater\">Avots<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0160aj\u0101 grafik\u0101 Krievija v\u0113l joproj\u0101m ir topa aug\u0161gal\u0101, bet nu ar\u012b Latvija ir \u201cmeln\u0101s statistikas\u201d 6. viet\u0101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cits piem\u0113rs. Latvijas Darba dev\u0113ju konfeder\u0101cijas m\u0101jaslap\u0101 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lddk.lv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/ce_fizika_2018_lddk.pptx\">pieejama<\/a> prezent\u0101cija, kur\u0101 viens no slaidiem apgalvo, ka centraliz\u0113to eks\u0101menu k\u0101rtot\u0101ju skaits fizik\u0101 septi\u0146u gadu laik\u0101 ir sarucis par 54%. Grafiks izmanto absol\u016btos skait\u013cus, par\u0101dot kop\u0113jo k\u0101rtot\u0101ju skaitu un katr\u0101 no stabi\u0146iem atz\u012bm\u0113 k\u0101rtot\u0101ju skatiu visp\u0101rizgl\u012btojo\u0161\u0101s skol\u0101s un to k\u0101rtot\u0101ju skatiu, kas ieguvu\u0161i vair\u0101k nek\u0101 60% no maksim\u0101l\u0101 v\u0113rt\u0113juma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/mDTU0sh1h2NNPxeqnC5W_tLhP4y0GPK5aQKTtUci4N7nYjWwFW9iG2-ppqCvyBpGnn4yebESGXL9UG7tx3Zs9AV-cowh0eDA4Ce0Dt-WkflnRF1uNZKZg47gn1S_RnM8BQg2Md9t\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lddk.lv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/ce_fizika_2018_lddk.pptx\">Avots<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u012bkne tik tie\u0161\u0101m iet uz leju un kritums no 1753 k\u0101rtot\u0101jiem visp\u0101rizgl\u012btojo\u0161\u0101s skol\u0101s uz 805 k\u0101rtot\u0101jiem ir kritums par 54%. Tom\u0113r \u0161is grafiks ne\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 kop\u0113jo skol\u0113nu skaitu katr\u0101 no m\u0101c\u012bbu gadiem. T\u0101 saukt\u0101s \u201cdemogr\u0101fisk\u0101s bedres\u201d d\u0113\u013c ar\u012b tas ir sarucis. L\u016bk k\u0101da aina paveras, ja grafik\u0101 iek\u013cauj ar\u012b kop\u0113jo absolventu skaitu, un izr\u0113\u0137ina procentu\u0101lo izmai\u0146u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/9m4YQ0QGy0lznogYrKnOwHPFl4J61Qx9Lz4FhNtL7LEReAJya382oV83Xo8JVZhK4P4yntGtNSof0N3wyTKxv9D4HZysJSp-hwon0h3aUHKpxVflMN7B2kpie-fay-2nMTyKzrzV\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/visc.gov.lv\/vispizglitiba\/eksameni\/statistika\/2018\/\">Avots<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Centraliz\u0113to eks\u0101menu k\u0101rtot\u0101ju skaits fizik\u0101 visp\u0101rizgl\u012btojo\u0161\u0101s skol\u0101s ir krieties, bet vien par 2,2 procentpunktiem no kop\u0113jo absolventu skaita. Aina nav tik dramatiska k\u0101 to uzb\u016bra iepriek\u0161\u0113jais grafiks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Manipul\u0101cija ar v\u0113st\u012bjumu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Viena un t\u0101 pati datu kopa var pamatot da\u017e\u0101dus v\u0113st\u012bjumus. Labs piem\u0113rs tam ir Saimona Skara (Simon Scarr) 2011. gad\u0101 \u201cSouth China Morning Post\u201d public\u0113tais inforgrafiks ar v\u0113st\u012bjumu \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/visualoop.com\/infographics\/iraqs-bloody-toll\">Ir\u0101kas asi\u0146ain\u0101 samaksa<\/a>\u201d (Iraq&#8217;s Bloody Toll).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/89YKfoEx9TNddjWh9YP5X4yBRGy-Zf17gDfBeKFLePAFTOLYquZPeogGZ1qIU494ncL6TwAds_uZB5UpcGgzudruznEk5hr4l_e3VwHZlDKoql8Nqqkld75HGgXTgim4MPvQSV2J\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/visualoop.com\/infographics\/iraqs-bloody-toll\">Avots<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taj\u0101 sarkanie stabi\u0146i, kas att\u0113lo Ir\u0101k\u0101 boj\u0101 g\u0101ju\u0161o skaitu, \u201caug\u201d nevis uz aug\u0161u, bet uz leju, atg\u0101dinot vertik\u0101li teko\u0161as asinis. Vizu\u0101li uzsvars koncentr\u0113jas uz grafika vidu, kas r\u0101da lielu kritu\u0161o skaitu 2006. &#8211; 2007. gad\u0101. No 2009. l\u012bdz 2011. gadam n\u0101vju skaits ir samazin\u0101jies, un to daudz lab\u0101k par\u0101da \u0161\u012b pa\u0161a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.infoworld.com\/article\/3088166\/why-how-to-lie-with-statistics-did-us-a-disservice.html\">infografika apgriezt\u0101 versija<\/a>, ko 2016, gad\u0101 rad\u012bja Endijs Kotgreivs (Andy Cotgreave).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/JMUrHoWiXohd6qpXUvHUfNxCS2d9kwBpUUWwggng5vxSmSwk4Y7m8KGBE6wrvqof4NnHZYKEV19Z_QGqaA89YgQO74rVMYV2l2r4OcLKoHHDgmNncHQ4Vh6Wh1S7_euGYhQkQCcC\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.infoworld.com\/article\/3088166\/why-how-to-lie-with-statistics-did-us-a-disservice.html\">Avots<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taj\u0101 stabi\u0146i \u201caug\u201d uz aug\u0161u un izv\u0113l\u0113t\u0101 kr\u0101sa ir zila. Virsraksts v\u0113sta \u201cIr\u0101ka: n\u0101ves samazin\u0101s\u201d (Iraq: Deaths on the decline). Dati tie pa\u0161i, v\u0113st\u012bjums pavisam cits.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Papla\u0161inot apv\u0101rsni<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Iesak\u0101m noskat\u012bties Alberto Kairo (Alberto Cairo), Majam\u012b universit\u0101tes Datu vizualiz\u0101cijas profesora, prezent\u0101cijas ierakstu, kur\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 st\u0101sta par to, k\u0101 \u201cgrafiki mums melo\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Alberto Cairo - How Charts Lie: Getting Smarter About Visual Information\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Low28hx4wyk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Kairo v\u0113st\u012bjums ir, ka datu vizualiz\u0101cija par\u0101da tikai to, ko t\u0101 par\u0101da, bet cilv\u0113ki m\u0113dz t\u0101s interpret\u0113t sev izdev\u012bgos veidos. Vi\u0146\u0161 mudina veidot labus grafikus, kas veicina diskusijas un izvair\u012bties no slikt\u0101m vizualiz\u0101cij\u0101m, kas t\u0101s trauc\u0113. Izmantojot piem\u0113rus, Kairo paskaidro, k\u0101p\u0113c pie\u0146\u0113mums, ka grafiks sp\u0113j \u201cpar\u0101d\u012bt vair\u0101k nek\u0101 1000 v\u0101rdu\u201d vai ka \u201cdati run\u0101 pa\u0161i par sevi\u201d ir k\u013c\u016bdains.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u0146\u0161 uzskaita se\u0161us kognit\u012bvos izaicin\u0101jumus, kas trauc\u0113 mums uztvert datu vizualiz\u0101cijas objekt\u012bvi:<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><strong>Tendence saskat\u012bt likumsakar\u012bbas<\/strong> (patterns) par tad, kad t\u0101s ir nejau\u0161as sakrit\u012bbas nevis c\u0113lo\u0146sakar\u012bbas;<\/li><li><strong>Nepietiekama grafisk\u0101 datu prat\u012bba<\/strong> (igraphicacy). Mums j\u0101sp\u0113j grafikus \u201clas\u012bt\u201d nevis tikai \u201credz\u0113t\u201d;<\/li><li><strong>Bailes no sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbas.<\/strong> Grafiku uzdevums nav vienk\u0101r\u0161ot, bet gan paskaidrot. Bie\u017ei ar vienu grafiku nepietiek. J\u0101apskata un j\u0101sal\u012bdzina vair\u0101ki, lai lab\u0101k izprastu par\u0101d\u012bbu;<\/li><li><strong>Tendence ignor\u0113t nenotekt\u012bbu.<\/strong> Dati nekad nav objekt\u012bvi. Bie\u017ei tie ir nepiln\u012bgi. T\u0101 viet\u0101, lai ignor\u0113tu datu nepiln\u012bbas ir j\u0101izv\u0113r\u0161 diskusija par nezin\u0101mo.<\/li><li><strong>Tiek\u0161an\u0101s p\u0113c apstiprin\u0101juma<\/strong> (confirmation bias). Lai pamatotu savu argumentu, m\u0113s izmantojam datus, kas to apstiprina, ignor\u0113jot datu nepiln\u012bbas un neizm\u0113r\u012btus ietekmes faktorus;<\/li><li><strong>Racionaliz\u0101cija.<\/strong> Evol\u016bcijas laik\u0101 esam pieradu\u0161i uz\u0146emt inform\u0101ciju, kura mums \u0161\u0137iet pie\u0146emama, un t\u0101l\u0101k p\u0101rliecin\u0101t par to citus. T\u0101 viet\u0101, ir j\u0101m\u0113\u0123ina \u0161is reflekss novirz\u012bt sprie\u0161anas virzien\u0101, \u013caujot main\u012bt m\u016bsu pasaules skat\u012bjumu.<br><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0160is ieraksts tapa pateicoties domapmai\u0146ai kas notika Datu skolas 8. august\u0101 r\u012bkot\u0101s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/events\/386825462037443\/\">diskusijas<\/a> laik\u0101. \u201cPasaules v\u0113smas datu vizualiz\u0101cij\u0101\u201d diskusijas notiek katra m\u0113ne\u0161a pirmaj\u0101 ned\u0113\u013c\u0101. Seko l\u012bdzi Datu skolas jaunumiem <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/datuskola\">Facebook <\/a>un <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/datuskola?lang=en\">Twitter<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ir meli, liel\u0101ki meli un statistika, m\u0113dz teikt. To, k\u0101di ir izplat\u012bt\u0101kie manipul\u0101cijas pa\u0146\u0113mieni datu vizualiz\u0101cij\u0101 apskat\u012bsim \u0161aj\u0101 bloga rakst\u0101. Manipul\u0101cija ar as\u012bm Viens no izplat\u012bt\u0101kajiem manipul\u0101cijas pa\u0146\u0113mieniem ir datu atspogu\u013co\u0161ana, kas nes\u0101kas no y ass nult\u0101s atz\u012bmes. Par to pirms p\u0101ris gadiem rakst\u012bj\u0101m, apskatot gad\u012bjumu kad R\u012bgas Dom\u0113 valdo\u0161\u0101 partija \u201cSaska\u0146a\u201d izplat\u012bja maldino\u0161u grafiku [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":134,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14,6],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=133"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":254,"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/133\/revisions\/254"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=133"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=133"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.datuskola.lv\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=133"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}